With almost one year elapsed since Bitcoin’s 4th halving, miners have endured a period of stabilization, adapting to “reduced block rewards, tighter margins, and shifting operational dynamics.” This, according to a research report that focuses on Bitcoin’s evolving narrative from peer to peer cash, as outlined in Satoshi Nakamoto‘s bitcoin whitepaper back in late 2008 to a globally-recognized store of value and now even as a strategic reserve asset for corporations as well as nation-states.
In an issue of Coin Metrics’ State of the Network, the research team and analysts provide an extensive update on the Bitcoin mining landscape, including miner revenues, exchange flows, and ASIC distribution.
They also explore how Bitcoin is being used today, “whether as a medium of exchange or a store of value, and what that means for miner incentives and the network’s long-term sustainability.”
Total miner revenue, measuring both total fees for transactions “included in blocks as well as block rewards from issuance, reached $3.7B in Q4.”
This represents a 42% increase from Q3 2024, “a period where miners combatted the effects of halved block rewards, a lower BTC price, and pressure on margins due to higher energy costs and the need for more efficient mining hardware.”
So far in Q1 2025, miner revenues sit at “a healthy ~$3.6B, with transaction fees accounting for merely 1.33% of total revenue, while the 30D hashrate has risen to 807 EH/s.”
In the interim, miner behavior and strategy has “continued to evolve in response to tightening margins.”
The report from Coin Metrics added that miner flows “suggest that direct flows (0-hop) from miners to exchanges have remained relatively stable with occasional spikes, indicating steady treasury management and opportunistic selling by larger operations.”
Meanwhile, 1-hop flows—BTC sent to exchanges one step from a mining entity (through intermediary addresses)—have steadily “increased, pointing to gradual sell-pressure from smaller mining entities or pool participants.”
Well capitalized miners are in a better position to “withstand reduced incentives.”
They are adapting in numerous ways, such as upgrading to more energy efficient ASICs, “relocating to regions with cheaper and abundant renewable energy resources, such as wind farms in Texas, or in developing regions.”
In some cases, miners are also diversifying into AI data-center hosting as a way to “expand revenue and repurpose existing infrastructure for high performance computing.”
For instance, Core Scientific committed to 200 MW of capacity to host CoreWeave’s AI workloads, highlighting “how mining operations are evolving to meet broader compute demands while seeking improved profitability per terahash.”
While geographic decentralization and mining pool distribution of hashrate are critical for Bitcoin’s network resilience, the “distribution of ASIC hardware is another important factor to consider.”
The Coin Metrics report further noted that economic incentives and energy needs are “naturally driving mining operations to diversify geographically, but the geopolitical environment introduces additional complexity to the hardware supply chain.”
Based on nonce patterns linked to real-world ASICs, we estimate that machines manufactured by Bitmain Technologies Ltd. (such as the S19, S19j Pro, and S19 XP) currently “contribute between 59% and 76% of Bitcoin’s network hashrate.”
This range is based on estimates derived from “lower-bound, adjusted, and fully processed datasets representing different levels of ASIC coverage.”
With Bitmain accounting for a majority of Bitcoin’s network hashrate, reliance on a single manufacturer, “despite having distributed supply chains presents a potential risk.”
Since Bitmain is primarily based in China, its dominance highlights “how geopolitical dependencies can affect the stability of mining operations.”
In early 2025, several U.S miners experienced “delays in receiving Bitmain shipments due to heightened customs scrutiny and new tariffs levied on Chinese imports.”
While these delays have varied in impact, they highlight “how the geopolitical environment could introduce friction into global mining operations and reshape the current dynamic.”
As mining becomes more competitive and reliance on transaction fees increases, understanding how Bitcoin is used today “offers valuable insight into the sustainability of the network and miner incentives.”
While its roots lie in being a “peer-to-peer electronic cash system,” and medium of exchange, Bitcoin’s usage is increasingly “shifting toward that of a global store of value and reserve asset.”
For Bitcoin to function effectively as “a medium of exchange, limitations around scalability and unpredictable transaction fees prompted the development of second-layer solutions like the Lightning Network.”
As explained in the update from Coin Metrics, the Lightning Network works by creating off-chain payment channels between users, “allowing for near-instant and low-cost transactions that settle on the Bitcoin network when channels are closed.”
The Coin Metrics report added that recently, the number of “open lightning channels has declined to around 52.7K, while total channel value has remained stable between 4500-5000 BTC.”
Despite fewer visible channels, this suggests the network has “sufficient capacity to handle a similar amount of value, likely due to improved routing efficiency, channel consolidation and the growing use of private channels.”
Many other Bitcoin rollups and sidechains, such as Stacks, and Botanix are being developed to boost “scalability, transactional activity and ultimately drive higher fee revenue on Bitcoin.”
These solutions aim to expand Bitcoin’s utility by “enabling smart contracts, faster transactions, and new use cases, while anchoring to the security of the base layer.”
Interestingly, the Bitcoin network itself has “seen growth in lower value transactions.”
The Coin Metrics report further noted that transactions below “$100 currently represent ~60% of Bitcoin’s total transaction count, and times have also represented ~80% during parts of 2024.”
Higher value transactions (between $100k-$1M) have also “grown in count, but account for a smaller portion of activity than they have before.”
Bitcoin blocks are consistently reaching their “maximum weight limit of 4 MB, even as mempool size and transactions remain relatively low.”
This report from Coin Metrics pointed out that this “suggests that block space is being filled primarily by low-value, low-fee transactions, with limited competition for inclusion—resulting in lower average and total fees, aside from occasional spikes driven by demand for Ordinal inscriptions and Runes.”
Over time, increased participation from higher-value or more time-sensitive activity could help drive “stronger fee revenue, supporting miner incentives as block rewards decline.”
While multiple efforts to enhance Bitcoin’s transactional utility and role as a medium of exchange are underway, Bitcoin is “increasingly being recognized as a ‘Store of Value’.”
Its scarcity and predictable issuance schedule are key properties that have earned it the title of “digital gold.”
This narrative has accelerated in recent years, with ownership “shifting toward institutions, public companies, ETFs, and even nation-states, with over 14% of BTC supply held by such entities.”
The shift towards long-term holding is supported by on-chain data.
The report from Coin Metrics also mentioned that Bitcoin’s supply velocity, measuring the “ratio of adjusted transfer volume to its current supply (rate of turnover), has declined over time, reinforcing the idea that BTC is increasingly held rather than transacted.”
Additionally, Bitcoin supply age bands (“HODL Waves”) allow you “to see Bitcoin’s evolving supply distribution based on holding time.”
The Coin Metrics report further noted that the share of supply held by long-term holders (1-year or more) “continues to rise, recently reaching ~63%.”
These trends highlight how Bitcoin’s role is “evolving into that of a store of value and reserve asset.”
As Bitcoin miners adapt to the realities of reduced block rewards, “adapting through hardware upgrades, regional shifts, and strategic diversification, the importance of sustainable fee revenue continues to grow in importance.”
The report from Coin Metrics concluded that at the same time, Bitcoin’s usage is evolving: while “low-value transactions and Layer-2 activity continue to grow, long-term holding is increasingly dominant, reinforcing its role as a store of value.”
Balancing these dual narratives will be key to “ensuring the long-term health of the network and the economic viability of its security model.”