The Securities and Exchange Commission has published an “Investor Alert” on Affinity Fraud. Basically they are pointing out what should be obvious. There are always fraudsters out there looking to dupe the unsuspecting. Confidence schemes (hence the term “con” man) have been around since the beginning of time. The SEC Office of Investor Education and advocacy have taken a moment to outline the characteristics of investor scams – hucksters that prey upon affinity groups (think allegedly reputable sorts like Bernie Madoff). This is an important discussion as the creativity of cons continues to shock and amaze. But before we get into that I would like to point out that as far as we know – there has never been a case of investment crowdfunding fraud. Plenty of dubious offerings in the rewards based space, but the crowd is leery and if portals are not only allowed, but encouraged to curate, attempts at fraud will be kept to a minimum. Most certainly it will occur one day but as of yet – it has not happened.
The SEC Alert is posted below:
What is Affinity Fraud?
Affinity fraud almost always involves either a fake investment or an investment where the fraudster lies about important details (such as the risk of loss, the track record of the investment, or the background of the promoter of the scheme). Many affinity frauds are Ponzior pyramid schemes, where money given to the promoter by new investors is paid to earlier investors to create the illusion that the so-called investment is successful. This tricks new investors into investing in the scheme, and lulls existing investors into believing their investments are safe. In reality, even if there really is an actual investment, the investment typically makes little or no profit. The fraudster simply takes new investors’ money for the fraudster’s own personal use, often using some of it to pay off existing investors who may be growing suspicious. Eventually, when the supply of investor money dries up and current investors demand to be paid, the scheme collapses and investors discover that most or all of their money is gone.
How Does Affinity Fraud Work?
Fraudsters who carry out affinity scams frequently are (or pretend to be) members of the group they are trying to defraud. The group could be a religious group, such as a particular denomination or church. It could be an ethnic group or an immigrant community. It could be a racial minority. It could be members of a particular workforce – even members of the military have been targets of these frauds. Fraudsters target any group they think they can convince to trust them with the group members’ hard-earned savings.
At its core, affinity fraud exploits the trust and friendship that exist in groups of people who have something in common. Fraudsters use a number of methods to get access to the group. A common way is by enlisting respected leaders from within the group to spread the word about the scheme. Those leaders may not realize the “investment” is actually a scam, and they may become unwitting victims of the fraud themselves.
Because of the tight-knit structure of many groups, it can be difficult for regulators or law enforcement officials to detect an affinity scam. Victims often fail to notify authorities or pursue legal remedies. Instead, they try to work things out within the group. This is particularly true where the fraudsters have used respected community or religious leaders to convince others to join the investment.
How to Avoid Affinity Fraud
Here are a few tips to help you avoid becoming a victim of an affinity fraud scam.
- Even if you know the person making the investment offer, be sure to research the person’s background, as well as the investment itself – no matter how trustworthy the person who brings the investment opportunity to your attention seems to be. Be aware that the person telling you about the investment may have been fooled into believing that the investment is legitimate when it is not.
- Never make an investment based solely on the recommendation of a member of an organization or group to which you belong. This is especially true if the recommendation is made online. An investment pitch made through an online group of which you are a member, or on a chat room or bulletin board catered to an interest you have, may be a fraud.
- Do not fall for investments that promise spectacular profits or “guaranteed” returns. Similarly, be extremely leery of any investment that is said to have no risks. Very few investments are risk-free. Promises of quick and high profits, with little or no risk, are classic warning signs of fraud.
- Be skeptical of any investment opportunity that you can’t get in writing. Fraudsters often avoid putting things in writing. Avoid an investment if you are told they do not have time to put in writing the particulars about the investment. You should also be suspicious if you are told to keep the investment opportunity confidential or a secret.
- Don’t be pressured or rushed into buying an investment before you have a chance to research the “opportunity.” Just because someone you know made money, or claims to have made money, doesn’t mean you will, too. Be especially skeptical of investments that are pitched as “once-in-a-lifetime” opportunities, particularly when the salesperson bases the recommendation on “inside” or confidential information.
Recent Affinity Fraud Schemes
The SEC’s Division of Enforcement regularly investigates and prosecutes affinity frauds targeting a wide spectrum of groups. Here are examples of some recent cases.
SEC Halts Pyramid Scheme Targeting Dominican and Brazilian Immigrants
The SEC obtained a Court order freezing millions of dollars tied to a pyramid scheme that primarily targeted Dominican and Brazilian immigrants, and also preyed upon Chinese, Vietnamese, and Haitian immigrant communities. The complaint alleged that the pyramid scheme promoters falsely promised investors annual returns of 200 percent or more in exchange for recruiting new participants and placing meaningless advertisements on free Internet ad sites for a purported multilevel marketing company selling telephone service based on “voice over Internet” (VoIP) technology.
SEC Charges Operators of Pyramid Scheme Targeting Asian and Latino Communities
Pyramid scheme organizer used companies posing as multi-level marketing companies selling computer cloud services to raise more than $65 million, primarily from investors in Asian and Latino communities in the U.S. and abroad. The defendants falsely promised investors a return of 100 percent or more in 100 days.
SEC Charges Boiler Room Operators for Football-Related Investment Scam Targeting Seniors
Fraudsters used high-pressure sales tactics to lure seniors and other investors, misrepresenting that their money would be invested in a company that was developing ground-breaking technology for the National Football League to use in the Super Bowl and falsely promising them guaranteed investment returns. The boiler room operators took nearly all investor funds for personal use and for payments to sales agents they had hired to solicit investors.
SEC Charges Ponzi Scheme Promoter Targeting Primarily African-American Churchgoers
Ponzi scheme promoter sold promissory notes bearing purported annual interest rates of 12% to 20%, telling primarily African-American investors that the funds would be used to purchase and support small businesses such as a laundry, juice bar, or gas station. Promoter also sold “sweepstakes machines” that he claimed would generate investor returns of as much as 300% or more in the first year.
SEC Charges Company and its Owners with Conducting an Offering Fraud Targeting Christian Investors
Ponzi scheme promoters raised almost $6 million from nearly 80 evangelical Christian investors through fraudulent, unregistered offerings of stock and short-term, high-yield promissory notes issued by their company, which was marketed as a voice-over-internet-protocol video services provider around the world.
SEC Shuts Down Ponzi Scheme Targeting Persian-Jewish Community in Los Angeles
SEC obtained an emergency court order to halt an ongoing $7.5 million Ponzi scheme that targeted members of the Persian-Jewish community in Los Angeles. The SEC’s complaint alleged that the promoter, himself a member of the Persian-Jewish Los Angeles community, raised funds from 11 investors and used nearly $1.6 million investor funds to buy jewelry, high-end cars, and VIP tickets to sporting events. He lured investors with promises of exorbitant returns in purported pre-IPO shares of well-known companies.
SEC Charges South Florida Man in Investment Fraud Scheme
Fraudster raised nearly $11 million claiming returns as high as 26%. He typically met and pitched prospective investors over meals at expensive restaurants in and around Fort Lauderdale. His clients typically came to him through word-of-mouth referrals among friends and relatives. A significant number of the victims of his scheme were members of the gay community in Wilton Manors, Florida.
SEC Charges Real Estate Developer in Miami Affinity Fraud
Miami-based developer conducted an affinity fraud and Ponzi scheme involving real estate investments that raised $135 million from more than 400 investors, primarily from the South Florida Cuban exile community. Among other things, the developer paid existing investors with new investors’ funds and assigned the same real estate collateral to multiple investors.
What Should You Do If You Suspect Affinity Fraud?
If you think you may be aware of a possible affinity fraud – or may have lost money in an affinity fraud – please contact the SEC through the SEC Complaint Center,http://www.sec.gov/complaint/select.shtml. You can also contact your state’s securities administrator. You can find links and addresses for your state regulator by visiting the North American Securities Administrators Association’s website.